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The translation and publication of Phillippe Pinel's 1794 Memoirs on Madness clearly establish this innovator and founder of psychiatry as a precursor of modem psychoanalysis. Pinel's concept that “one of the fundamental principles of the conduct one must adapt toward the insane is an intelligent mixture of affability and firmness” sets him apart from his Enlightenment contemporaries and marks the beginning of a psychologically based treatment of mental disorders.