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Aggression and violent behavior are set in motion by the earliest experiences between the infant and the caretaker and reinforced by the individual's environment. The author cites numerous studies of both humans and animals that documents changes in the brain and in behavior based on maternal deprivation, childhood abuse, and the witnessing of violence. These neuronal changes are reflected in behavioral patterns that can last a lifetime, and it is these patterns that the patient brings into the analyst's office.