Carlo Semenza has offered a thought-provoking discussion on the relationship between the theoretical foundations of psychoanalysis, and those of modern cognitive neuropsychology. In doing so, he reviews the core features of the cognitive approach, and suggests that psychoanalysis shares much in common with modern cognitivism. It is a radical, and rather interesting, argument. The idea is interesting because there are unquestionably some similarities between the two fields, which is (to some extent, see below) captured by Semenza's use of Howard Gardner's list (1985). For example, there is much merit in the argument that both fields are investigating the mental apparatus, and that they do so using the language of “representation.” Semenza's idea that Freud can be regarded as a diagram maker has some appeal. In addition,