Whether psychoanalysis can become a respected member of the scientific community, or is destined to be regarded as an early 20th-century intellectual movement, may hinge on a principle enunciated by Dr. Yovell, namely, “psychoanalytic theory can and should go beyond our current neurobiological understanding of the mind, but never contradict it” (pp. 1-2). He states further that psychoanalytic theory “should be continuously reexamined and revised, to ensure its coherence with emerging neurobiological research findings” (p. 2). Here is the problem: As we