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After many years of teaching borderline psychodynamics on the basis of object relations theory, I came to something of a crisis. I discovered that I no longer believed in significant aspects of what I was doing. Traditional object relations theory provides an approach to the understanding of the borderline's subjective state, but it fails to provide a plausible explanation of etiology. To get to etiology, one must go further. One must go to biology. This paper goes back to Darwin who was one of the first investigators to describe attachment behavior in a biological frame. By applying the biology of attachment to object relations theory, one is lead to a very different perspective. What biology shows is that the progression from attachment to primitive affect to integrated self is not along a smooth continuum. There are biological leaps. And if object relations theory is to go beyond the more description of subjective experience, then it must combine the scientific study of attachment that began with Darwin and the study of the intrapsychic that began with Freud, in order to arrive at a neuropsychoanalysis that brings laboratory science to the study of mind.