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The 16th Annual Congress of the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society took place in Amsterdam during July 9–11, 2015, followed by a Sunday post-congress discussion on July 12th. The Congress was held at the University of Amsterdam and the Sunday meeting at the Psychoanalytic Foundation. People from all regions of the world attended, including countries such as Japan, Israel, Turkey, Panama, Finland, Puerto Rico, Spain, South Africa and Suriname among many others, constituting a widely varied community of people interested in neuropsychoanalysis.
As seen in previous congresses, an educational day preceded the official start of the Congress with four speakers. The first was Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten, who spoke about changes in personality, repetition and psychoanalytic technique in the history of psychoanalysis. Her talk reviewed some of Freud's reflections about the objectives of the psychoanalytic technique, going from discovering unconscious material and communicating it at the right moment to the patient by means of interpretation, to the limitations of psychoanalytic treatments by admitting that the patient is unable to remember all the repressed material that could be of relevance to the treatment. The importance of the transference was highlighted, in order to review some of the concepts in Kleinian theory such as the role of introjection and projection and their differences in pregenital and genital patients. The next talk was given by Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber with a presentation entitled How to study the outcomes of psychoanalyses? A balancing act between societal needs and epistemological impossibilities. Leuzinger-Bohleber specified the complexities around psychoanalytical research in detail and also described her ongoing psychoanalytic project on depression. After comparing cognitive–behavioral long-term therapies against psychoanalysis, the outcome was shown to be the same with either technique. Symptoms diminished after one year of treatment bu