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Somatoform pain poses major challenges in medicine. There is a lack of quantitative instruments that systematically assess psychosocial aspects of somatoform pain. A better knowledge of such aspects could contribute (1) to gaining further insight into the relationship between psychodynamic and psychosocial components of pain, and (2) to facilitating the development and monitoring of improved interventions targeting psychodynamic and psychosocial mechanisms of pain. An item pool on biopsychosocial aspects of pain was developed and completed by 200 patients with somatoform pain disorder. In addition, anxiety (STAI), depression (BDI II), somatization (SOMS-2), and quality of life (SF-36) were assessed. As compared to norm data, patients reported higher scores for anxiety (STAI), depression (BDI-II) somatization (SMOS-2), and lower quality of life (SF-36). Applying item and factor analyses, a new questionnaire (QSP-31) was developed to identify psychodynamic and psychosocial aspects of pain. There was evidence for the construct validity of the six scales through confirmatory factor analysis: Relationships between pain and negative emotions, Negative attitudes towards help-seeking, Negative pain-related childhood experiences, Negative attitudes towards own body, Negative aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, and Perceived pain control. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for these scales lay within the range of .81-.92. Regarding criterion validity, moderate correlations in expected directions were found between all scales and anxiety, depression, somatic symptom severity, and quality of life, except for the scale Perceived pain control. The QSP-31 appears promising for the identification of relevant psychosocial aspects associated with the experience of pain and might be a useful instrument.