Habits: Their Making and Unmaking: By Knight Dunlap. New York: Liveright, Inc., 1932. 326 p.

This is a book of very uneven merit. It starts with an able examination of the facts and principles of learning and habit formation, making particularly clear to the reader the importance of distinguishing between the learning and the learned process in the formation of habits. Professor Dunlap very carefully analyzes the two processes, shows how essentially different they may be, and how much error has arisen because of the confusion of the two in the past. The early chapters contain good criticism of some of the older and current theories of learning, particularly that of Pavlov. The author, however, becomes less effective in presenting his own point of view, and it is not possible from a careful reading of his detailed chapter on the "Process of Learning" to discern what his own theory of learning may be.

But by far the poorest part of the book, and the one which makes a very discreditable performance of it all, is the author's treatment of what may be termed the practical applications of his newly established facts about learning and habit formation. It appears that in recent years, individuals in pressing need of mental readjustment "have been coming" to Professor Dunlap's attention "in increasing numbers", and as a result of this experience, he has "been impressed with the importance of clarifying our knowledge of the principles of habit and learning". The chapters on practical