Explorations in Personality: By the Workers at the Harvard psychological Clinic (under the direction of Henry A. Murray, M.D.) New York, London, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1938. 742 pp.

The author and his colleagues present the results of personality studies on a group of fifty-one young men, some of whom were college students, the remainder unemployed. The book is dedicated to Morton Prince, Freud, Lawrence Henderson, Alfred Whitehead

and Jung, and to some degree reflects the ideologies of each. The data were collected over a period of two and one-half years by a group of workers whose psychological backgrounds ranged from that of the 'physiological psychologist' to the psychoanalytical. Twenty-five psychological procedures were applied to each individual studied. Twenty-four experimenters took part in the examinations and sessions which totaled about thirty-five hours. All individuals were subjected to the gamut of tests in the same sequence. Among the procedures used were interviews designed to assemble a detailed life history, childhood memories, history of the sexual development, a picture of the 'present dilemmas', etc. Fantasy life, learning, reaction to frustration, reaction to hypnosis and other personality features were studied by specially designed tests. The cumulative findings were discussed and correlated in frequent meetings of the examiners.

The authors acknowledge indebtedness to MacDougall, Jung, Rank, Adler, Freud, Henderson, Pareto, Allport and many others for concepts used in forming a table of 'personality variables' with which the test findings were correlated. Dr. Murray names forty-four of these variables, illustrating so called 'needs', of which 'twelve are general traits'. These concepts are introduced by an interesting hypothesis regarding the reaction of the organism to external and internal environment in terms of 'units of behavior'. The terms 'motone' and 'verbone', for instance, are created to describe units of motor and verbal behavior. A facilitating or obstructing tendency of the environment is called a 'press' (temporal gestalt); 'regnancy processes' (dominant cerebral processes) are 'the resultants