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Freud's first contribution to psychoanalytic psychiatry was contained in an article written in 1896. The case was one of paranoid schizophrenia with mechanisms similar to the mechanisms of hysteria. The therapeutic result was incomplete. Subsequently Freud's interest was for a long time directed towards other problems. In the meantime after 1902 the attention of Bleuler and Jung was more and more drawn to psychoanalysis and they found 'Freud's mechanisms' not only in neurotic conditions but also in psychoses, especially in dementia præcox. Jung's Diagnostische Associationsstudien began to appear in the Zeitschrift für Neurologie und Psychiatrie in 1904. They contain many references to the psychoses. In 1907 appeared Jung's Psychology of Dementia Præcox, the first systematic attempt to interpret psychoanalytically the psychology of dementia præcox. In 1911 several papers of Ferenczi applied psychoanalytic thinking to paranoia and the psychoses, and Freud himself published his psychoanalytic remarks on the autobiography of Schreber. Bleuler's work on schizophrenia appeared in 1911 and Jung's Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido was published in 1911 and 1912.1 From that time the psychoanalytic literature has shown a deep and continued interest in the problem of schizophrenia.
Freud's first paper on manic-depressive psychosis, Trauer und Melancholie, appeared in 1917. A study by Abraham (1911) had preceded Freud's articles. Abraham's investigations of the earliest pregenital levels of libido and of the developmental history of libido (1924) contained his further contributions to the subject. Freud returned to this topic in Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921). There are