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The transition from a rapidly growing population to one growing slowly and in the near future to one having an actual decline in numbers is taking place in almost all of the Western World. It so happens that the decline in the birth rate has proceeded further in Sweden than in most other countries. The Swedish Population Commission was appointed in 1935 and has produced a number of reports on different aspects of the population question including proposals for comprehensive social, political and hygienic reforms for facilitating the foundation of families, for helping families with children and for promoting the health of mothers and children. Most of these proposals have gone into effect and may have helped to increase the birth rate from 13.8 in 1935 to 14.9 in 1938. The investigation presented in this book demonstrates definitely that the decline in the birth rate is due to the intentional practice of birth control. This report sets a high standard in economic realism in its treatment of the relations between family problems and the economic life of the community. It calls attention to the treatment of contraception as a factor in the sex life of a nation and discusses contraception and other sex matters in a truly objective and scientific manner. The prohibition of voluntary birth control is not a feasible population policy. The Swedish nation has already brought propagation under the control of the intelligence and the will. The aim is now to insure the survival of the Swedish people. The Committee recommends social and economic reforms that aim to care for children and protect the family. Serious efforts to give youth a more favorable attitude towards family life are outlined.