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Kulovesi (ibid. 1939) interpreted the nodding (affirmation) and shaking (negation) movements of the head deriving from movements expressing oral introjection and oral refusal. ugar inquires why, among some peoples like the Macedonians, the habit is exactly the opposite. This he answers with the suggestion that mimic expressions are subject to the same developmental changes as those to which Freud refers in The Antithetical Sense of Primal Words.