Recent advances in psychoanalytic treatment come from reviewing the instinctivistic concepts of human drives and desires; from giving more consideration to the cultural and realistic aspects of the patient's outer world, his personal relationships in general, and with the analyst; from putting more stress than previously on the exposure of conscious defenses, and, from including psychoses, psychosomatic syndromes, and neurotic characters in the list of those who may receive psychoanalytic treatment. Many persons, especially those who do not ask for more than a cure of isolated symptoms, should be given shorter psychotherapeutic methods which are simpler and less expensive than psychoanalysis in its present state of development.