Hitschmann describes the development of the psychoanalytic understanding of neurotic bashfulness and erythrophobia. Inferiority feelings due to masturbation, enuresis, real or fancied physical inadequacies, were among the superficial reasons first advanced as causes of bashfulness. Further study revealed the existence of a strong scoptophilic impulse. Fear of the parent causes a repression of this impulse with the subsequent development of a masochistic tendency. This entire process is revealed in exhibition dreams, in dreams of an abashing type, of repeated failures, and of being castrated. A further source of guilt and shame is aggression displayed by many of these individuals in infancy in the form of breast biting, and in later life either in actual breast or sexual biting or in dreams thereof. The defense mechanisms involved are: repression, regression, identification with the parent of the opposite sex, and projection of the superego. The latter accounts for a certain paranoid tendency often manifested by these individuals.