Collective Defense Mechanisms Against Homosexuality: Fritz Wittels. Psa. Rev., XXXI, 1944, pp. 19–33.

Wittels discusses the defenses, offered by a particular national education, against men's fear of their homosexual tendencies. He points out that certain institutionalized groups strengthen the homosexual component, at the same time offering a defense against overt homosexuality by sublimating it. This is successful only as long as the covenant remains strong in its aims and practices. If it is weakened, the homosexual drive breaks through with increased force because of the strength it has gained through its encouragement in the sublimated form. Wittels documents this concept with case material. Frederick William I. of Prussia, father of Frederick the Great, founded the Prussian army; he sacrificed everything to establish an army of tall, well-disciplined men, whom he paraded daily, and whom he protected from warfare as he would protect a toy. At the same time he had a low opinion of women and sought primarily male contacts. He killed the woman his son loved, threatened to kill him also, and finally forced an unhappy marriage upon him. The son, in contrast to his father, used this military machine in war. When, following the son's death, Prussia had no adequate leadership, army discipline deteriorated and overt homosexuality became rampant. A