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Dai describes the analysis of a Chinese quisling of the North China Government, whom the author analyzed while working in China. The patient's collaboration with the Japanese represented a repetition of his early patterns which were reactivated by the patient's unconscious identification of the enemy with his father. His hostility towards his father was severely repressed through the traditional anti-aggressive child rearing of the Chinese, and overcompensated through an ingratiating homosexual submission. Although the patient wished to fight the Japanese, he felt compelled to submit to them in a homosexual way. To this convincing psychoanalytic interpretation, Dai adds some speculations about the basic concepts of analysis, which assume incorrectly that this interpretation were not along 'classical freudian lines'. 'The conflict, therefore, was not one of instincts or impulses functioning as such in a social vacuum, so to speak, but that of socially acquired rôles with their characteristic emotions and psychic mechanisms. Nor can the patient's symptoms be thought of as a repetition of his early instinctual conflicts, but rather they are to be seen as attempts to adjusting to a concrete present situation by means of outmoded patterns of reaction, patterns that are characteristic of an earlier rôle,