The 'paranoid' trends in modern Japanese and German political attitudes and actions are compared to the 'paranoid' trends of certain boys at the phallic phase of their libidinal development when castration fear creates severe conflicts around their feelings of masculinity and they use the defense mechanism of projection. Silberpfennig shows that the traditional Japanese ideology and methods of child rearing augment the phallic conflicts of the boys and states: 'Remembering the limitations of our method, we still wonder whether the Germans of today have not regressed to the attitude of the disturbed phallic phase, while the Japanese never really came out of it'. She admits that 'it is unreasonable not to remember the historic, economic and geographic aspects' which determine the national character 'in such a discussion', but she does, nevertheless, fail to consider these remembered 'aspects' when suggesting a 'post-war re-education program to start with a reorientation of child upbringing, with stress laid on recognition of reality, primarily related to realistic evaluation of one's own body'.