John Stuart Mill (1773–1836), the English philosopher and economist, experienced a severe depression when twenty years old. He had been brought up by a very stern father, who professed the greatest contempt for passionate emotions of all sorts and for everything which had been said or written in exaltation of them. Mill's emotions were starved, his artistic instincts and æsthetic cravings thwarted, his feelings and sentiments ignored or thrust aside through his father's education. His mother, too, did not give the children any affection, warmth or love. Mill's attitude towards his father was ambivalent. Admiration and dislike, respect and the absence of warm affection, were curiously intermingled. In the first version of his autobiography he says, 'I thus grew up in the absence of love and in the presence of fear', a statement which he eliminated in the final edition of this autobiography.