Psicoanalisi. II, No. 2, 1946: This issue contains the report of the first Italian Psychoanalytic Congress (held in 1946), which was attended by representatives of the Italian government. The following papers, read at the meeting, are published in this number:

In Memory of Freud. E. Servadio.

This is a dignified and accurate report of Freud's scientific activities and a fine résumé of his work, in which Freud's personality is understandingly revealed.

Political Life and Regression of the Superego. J. Flescher.

This paper is a brief summary of Freud's studies of the leader in his Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego and in Totem and Taboo. Superego regression in contemporary groups is discussed. We find some quite unjustified criticism of Freud, however, such as, 'there is no doubt that also in the study of the psychology of the chief Freud has neglected a potent derivative of the instinct of aggression, namely need for domination …'. Flescher also criticizes Freud's definition of the chief as the 'perfect narcissist'. Christ, he says, so frequently cited by Freud as the chief of a psychological, organized mass, could certainly not be considered a narcissist in the accepted sense; 'nor could there have dominated in Him the other motive on which Freud insists, that is, that related to primitive sexuality, but rather that of "power over the souls", the indispensable aspiration of every leader …'.

The Phobia of Communism as a Symbol of the Eruption of the Id. N. Perrotti.

Perrotti explains, with examples from his clinical experience, how the fear of the repressed objectionable drives can find symbolic expression in a phobia of communism. As authority symbolizes the superego, so the condemned drives are symbolized in communism. Evidently he confused these drives with the id, and the title of the paper should have been The Phobia of Communism as a Symbol of the Eruption of the Repressed, Condemned Drives.

Developments of Psychoanalytic Diagnosis and Technique. Alessandra Tomasi Di Palma.

The confusion in this article is increased by the use of incomprehensible terms. Thus the writer speaks of 'occupazioni oggettive'—literally, 'objective