Garma's clinical observations lead him to believe that dreams are attempts through wish fulfilment to overcome displeasure brought about by traumatic situations to which the dreamer is fixated and which he cannot master. He quotes dreams—and their relevant associations—of several patients to prove his hypothesis. In addition he reinterprets Freud's dream about 'Irma's injection' and Freud's report of Dora's dream of being lifted from her bed by her father, pointing out in each the attempts to overcome disagreeable situations: Freud's defense of his injection and Dora's unhappy love affair. Garma concludes with the observation, 'The hallucinatory aspect of dreams is due to the influence of traumatic situations and not to the influence of the wishes they gratify'.