Gardner takes exception to the tendency to differentiate sharply the clinical picture of the neurotic from the nonneurotic delinquent. In both groups delinquent behavior fulfils certain needs. The particular drive of the delinquent is to act out aggressive instincts toward the property or the body of another. Gardner separates this primary aggression from the aggression which appears in response to frustration—so-called 'counteraggression'. Delinquent stealing symbolizes the destructive taking away of a part of some other person; its primary motivation is the aggressive-destructive instinctual drive. Finally, the apparent passivity of such delinquents is actually merely a disguised and thoroughly effective expression of aggression.