In analyzing beating fantasies in men, Bergler observed that after working through the more superficial feminine identification with the beaten child, a deeper oral layer usually becomes discernible, pointing to an early oral refusal. An original aggression is directed toward the mother's breast and secondarily turned toward the child's own buttocks which are identified with the breast in both boys and girls. In the girl this situation is complicated by the fact that she cannot find, as does the boy, a substitute for the missing breast in the penis. Therefore, a greater tendency toward masochism and compensatory malice is discernible in women. Some examples are given of how the beating fantasies have changed since their first description by Freud.