Campbell's thesis states that there are many cases of manic-depressive psychosis which go unrecognized and misdiagnosed. The idea is a good one and is repeatedly used by clinicians who are psychoanalytically oriented in the sense that they recognize that some syndromes mask a depression or are defenses against depression. Campbell, however, has another idea. His chief interest is in pointing out features of autonomic dysfunction characteristic for manicdepressive psychosis and, by implication, justifying the constitutional and physiochemical etiologies and shock therapy.