Loewenstein discusses the shift of emphasis in the concept of the structure of neuroses which has been brought about by the introduction of ego psychology. The technical procedure of treatment likewise shows corresponding changes. There has been greater appreciation and study of the need for approach from the surface. Psychoanalysis is no longer concerned exclusively with uncovering the earliest forms of pathogenic conflicts; the intermediate periods of development also require the closest scrutiny.

Ego psychology has had deep effects on the special criteria which analysts use to establish the correctness and effectiveness of their interpretations. Formerly, symbolic interpretations played a greater role; now the importance of interpretations at an optimal distance from the surface of consciousness is recognized. The wording of the interpretation has gained in importance and