Reiner and Sands apply the previously described Malamud-Sands psychiatric rating scale in a study of the effects of lobotomy on a group of thirty-one chronically psychotic patients at the Worcester State Hospital. Their purpose

is to specifically delineate and to quantify behavioral observations and to encourage such standardization of technique and observation in other studies. Specific item analyses were conducted for twenty-two particular components of behavior. Among the traits which responded favorably were untidiness, anxiety, and depression. When there are mobilizable affect and verbal productivity, improvement may be expected after lobotomy even in the presence of projections and paralogical thought. Affect and feeling are usually adversely influenced in the direction of flatness and apathy. The fundamental disturbance in the logic of the patient's ideas is probably unimproved after lobotomy. Delusional content is not necessarily a contraindication or an unalterable phenomenon.