Miller reviews various tests and criteria by means of which the objective value of psychotherapy may be rated, including the studies of Seeman (negative and positive attitudes toward the self), Sheerer (acceptance of the self and others), Grummon (grammatical changes in speech) and various uses of the Q-technique of Stephenson for quantitatively studying changes in many variables at once. He concludes that 'there is real promise for understanding the nature of the psychotherapeutic process in a precise way if these new methods are imaginatively employed'.