Theories of personality which emphasize defensive maneuvers arising from feelings of guilt, anxiety, and the like tend to underestimate the positive functions springing from the self. The self also is 'flattered … glorifies itself openly and frankly … is proud of its acquisitions or achievements and … consequently

likes itself'. It is aware of its own identity and continuity. From the vantage point of historical perspective and awareness of present and future needs it surveys and evaluates action patterns and the situations in which they occur. 'The definition of personality as an inner system of expectations and desires should be accepted as having numerous advantages.'