Allport is of the opinion that prevalent theories of motivation, including the psychoanalytic, do not satisfactorily account for the transformation of motives during the course of a lifetime. The analyst, he declares, is inclined to stress infantile elements inherent in the id rather than the patterns ultimately acquired by the ego. He questions whether it is as true of mature as of infantile organisms that motives are shaped by a need to reduce tension states; healthy adults seem rather to deliberately seek out increased tension. 'We need in our motivational theory to make a sharper distinction between infantilisms and motivation that is strictly contemporary' he concludes, and he regards recent analytic attention to the psychic surface as a promising development. Turning to projective tests, he complains of their inadequacy in revealing motives and recommends that they be supplemented by other methods such as direct questioning and anamnesis.