The 'as-if' patients described by Helene Deutsch function on the basis of imitativeness rather than of true object cathexis. They mimic, rather than identify with, their objects. Conflict with the superego is absent because there has been no introjection of external authority; 'conflict' therefore is with an external rather than an internal force. During her pregnancies the patient studied herein established a transitory masculine identification with her father (the foetus and enlarged breasts symbolizing penis) with consequent gratification and sense of satisfaction with herself; but with the delivery she again felt castrated.