The title refers to a technique of strengthening the ego by working at the task of making the unconscious part of the ego conscious; the objective is increased self-awareness and autonomy of the ego. The activity of the unconscious ego is mostly maladaptive, therefore out of step with the demands of reality. Moreover it uses archaic modes of defense which may be a burden rather than an asset. Interpretation, insight, and working through enable patients to refrain from such defenses.