There are analogies between the delusions of schizophrenics and the symbols and beliefs of primitive peoples and early civilizations. The eye has been interpreted primarily as a symbol of the phallus and the virile father, less

commonly as a symbol of the female genitals. As the virile phallus, it is used both in offense and defense. In the three schizophrenic cases studied, the nuclear delusion concerning the eye was that it transmits or receives evil influences. The evil eye punishes for guilt over sexual temptations or activities which often have incestuous implications. Superstitions and anthropological and mythological data show that the belief in the evil eye is universal. It is attributed to an emanation of evil power from the eye of the fascinator. The evil eye usually serves envy, hatred, and boastfulness. Those of weak virility, pregnant and nursing mothers, infants, and children are particularly susceptible. Phallic and obscene symbols are the most common defenses against the evil eye.