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Re-examination of the five cases reported in Breuer and Freud's Studies in Hysteria makes clear that they are not a diagnostically
homogeneous group. Application of Bleuler's criteria for schizophrenia, bearing in mind his warning that the presence of neurotic symptoms does not preclude this diagnosis, leads to the conclusion that the first two cases, Anna O and Emmy von N, were schizophrenics suffering from a psychosis at the time of treatment. The diagnosis of hysteria is tenable for the other three patients.