Walters points out defects in Freud's analysis of the Schreber case, and suggests that unconscious homosexuality is not always the basis of paranoia. Empirical findings do not support such a theory, and exploration of other possible causes is blocked by acceptance of it. Freud's 'creative constructs tended to outrun the criteria of scientific reliability'. Walters emphasizes the subjective distortions to which every therapist is susceptible in his evaluations and inferences, and quotes writers from various schools of analytic thought who have raised similar questions about this theory.