This scholarly paper has an excellent historical review of psychoanalysis as applied to education and childbearing. Its major thesis is that behavior is the result of instinctual forces operating mutually and interchangeably with environmental forces and that in a given culture certain impulsive acts must be absolutely forbidden; certain limits are essential for proper child rearing and education. Adaptation to cultural forces depends on the adaptation of the primary family unit. Children need privacy for sleep and use of the bathroom because they must nurture their independent strivings. In regard to habit training, the authors point out that we have little information on the latitude of training practices available to relaxed comfortable mothers. They think there is great need for validation of psychoanalytic concepts.