Freud too much centered his formulations regarding affects on the problem of anxiety, to the neglect of other aspects. Anxiety is not a typical affect and is not suited to serve as a model for theory of affects. Clinical experience shows the manifold influence of affect. Novey, by numerous clinical examples, illustrates the impact of affect on behavior, communication, organic states, and through

countercathexis (mainly influenced by guilt and anxiety) on the instinct and on other affects. To speak of affects only as discharge processes derived from instincts minimizes the other important functions of affects as dynamic forces which constitute an essential part of the complicated metapsychology of the mind.