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In primates the primary tie of the infant to the mother is achieved through the operation of two dominant systems: one associated with the breast and the act of nursing, the other developed around contact. By various experiments, using a cloth mother surrogate and a wire mother surrogate, Harlow is able to demonstrate that the facies of either of these surrogates was an unimportant variable. The babies nursed from either the cloth mother or the wire mother, but spent fifteen to seventeen hours a day nursing from the cloth surrogate and no more than one to two hours a day from the wire surrogate. Variables which may be of importance at one stage of the development may become of absolutely no importance at another. A rocking mother was preferred in the early stages of development but was given up at a later stage. In terms of position, a plane was preferred in the early stages of life whereas a little later the upright mother was preferred. The strength of the affectional attachment for the mother surrogate remained undiminished during a year of study. Development of security in the baby monkey was illustrated by the fact that monkeys with the mother surrogates present were able to withstand tests of fear both in the home cage and in the open field. Further, they overcame obstacles in order to reach the mother surrogate. Infants who had been separated from their mothers for eighteen