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A very interesting and thorough study of male monozygotic twins resulted from the authors' interest in more accurately establishing the etiology of homosexuality. Monozygotic twins were used in an effort to eliminate or reduce to a minimum genetic factors as being significant. The heterosexual twin was studied by means of psychoanalysis; the homosexual twin, quite satisfied with his sexual adjustment, agreed to a limited series of free association-type interviews. The apparent determining life experiences resulting in differentiation of the sexual role appeared to be in the prenatal fantasies of the parents, expressing a desire for a child different in sex from that of the twins at birth and a slight but definite anatomical differentiation in the twins which determined for the mother a special attachment for one of the children. 'Biologically appropriate sexual behavior was unrelated to the type or degree of psychopathology.' Homosexual seduction occurred in both cases and was not an important determinant of homosexual behavior, nor did it deter heterosexual. Neurological and biochemical examinations revealed no significant differences.