In previous studies at a psychoanalytically oriented, voluntary hospital, the authors found significant differences sociologically (as measured by age, education, and nativity) and psychologically (as measured by a shortened California F Scale) between people who received convulsive therapy and those who underwent psychotherapy. Thirteen patients who refused convulsive therapy were studied by the same methods. They were found to differ significantly from

those who accepted convulsive therapy and to be similar to those who received psychotherapy.