DISCUSSION: Dr. Norbert Bromberg added that there were intellectual forces in Germany, such as admirers of Lagarde, Langbehn, and Moeller von der Bruck which encouraged Nazi anti-Semitism. He stressed the influence of the group in the movement and suggested that 'the last straw that released the anti-Semitic barbarities was the regression activated by group psychological forces under the leadership of disturbed individuals'. Dr. Rudolph M. Loewenstein thought Dr. Wangh's emphasis on the absent or weak father helped explain the Nazi superego: their interest in destroying moral values while championing an ideology, their willingness to submit to the moral judgment of leaders, and their general cynicism. Dr. Leo A. Spiegel was impressed that historically Germans have shown little resistance to political coercion, possibly because of a defect in their collective superego. Dr. Max Schur was of the opinion that the Nazis were like a criminal gang which methodically spread collective guilt to permit greater crime. Some