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In this period of clarifying and systematizing psychoanalytic theory and its applications, Heinz Hartmann has provided crucial guideposts by his theory-building contributions, as well as critical suggestions about the sources and directions of future developments in the science of psychoanalysis. On the occasion of Dr. Hartmann's seventieth birthday in November, it is appropriate to survey from the peaks he has surmounted in his own work some of the perspectives provided by the range of his psychoanalytic contributions and vistas, especially in ego psychology. At every point in his pioneering work he also has demonstrated his competence as a historian of science by fully documenting Freud's creation of psychoanalysis, relating its history to elaborations and contributions by others who have helped to develop psychoanalysis into the general psychology that Freud had envisaged it would be. Hartmann's contributions to this developing science are of such a range and of such basic importance that it is impossible for anything short of his own work (8) to do justice to the advances he has contributed, to the questions he has raised, and to the many facets of human development and adaptation he has insisted we keep in mind.
Hartmann's work has emphasized the multitudinous, changing influences of the simultaneous inner-instinctual and outer-reality demands in individual development. The balance of these demands develops a focus on adaptation through which Dr. Hartmann has made possible the establishment of a general psychology of human behavior within the frame of reference of psychoanalytic ego psychology. One can see in retrospect that Hartmann's earlier experimental work (1), (2), (3), (4) set the stage for his later accomplishments in which he critically clarified and advanced psychoanalytic theory, formulating and applying the