In this long essay Ward examines the problem of adequate research designed to investigate the question he considers central: what therapeutic influences effect the most durable changes in what psychopathology? He does not consider the enormity of the fully explored problem, such as the number of variables necessarily involved and the time required, to be an excuse for giving up. We have not done enough work in this direction. Of particular interest is the attention called to the bias against and reluctance on the part of analysts to submit to recording and observation procedures.