Transference occurs in all human relationships but is especially facilitated and used in analysis. Both analyst and patient may be aware of it, or the patient but not the analyst, the analyst but not the patient, or neither. The patient can learn only from transference he experiences and recognizes; therefore only the first condition above, and sometimes the second, can result in improvement. Breuer retreated from psychoanalysis through failure to recognize the transference in Anna O's erotic attachment. Freud's discovery of the transference and his assumption that this was the sole relationship to the analyst served to deny unbearable reality. Actually, the analyst must function as both real and transferred