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Despite frequent references in the literature to the observing function of the ego, a comprehensive and definitive statement regarding its characteristics and development has not been made. The authors describe this function as an intrasystemic aspect of the nonconflictual sphere. Self-observation is an important criterion of the capacity to participate in psychoanalytic treatment. Some of the forms of self-observation are: consciousness of self; cognizance of self; self-observation in a critical evaluating form; and integrative observation in which evaluative attitudes are held in abeyance. Of particular importance in integrative observation are: differentiation of observing and experiencing ego functions; the relationship between perception, cognition, and affect; affect modulation; observation of ego processes as contrasted with observation of the self; and ego mechanism and self-observation. The modes of informing in psychoanalytic treatment include reporting, admitting, and imparting.
Integration 'beyond insight' is discussed as important for re-integration and change as well as the importance of distinguishing between synthesis and integration. Possible techniques for effecting change in the function of integrative observation are stimulation and exhortation, interpretation, instruction, and identification.