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In Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology (1950), Hartmann expresses the revolutionary view that direct observations can be used as 'indicators of structurally central and partly unconscious developments …'. Anna Freud pursues the same line of thought in showing how surface observation of the child can prove useful for diagnosing the patient's state and can help decide for or against analytic treatment, but it must not be mistaken for a technical device serving analytic interpretation. By focusing on the functioning of the ego during evaluation one can note areas of repression, reaction-formation, poor