Working through involves overcoming resistances to structural change within the id, ego, and superego. In schizophrenia there is a failure of the basic identification processes upon which a structure of the psychic apparatus is built. Therefore, working through does not properly apply to schizophrenia. Instead, the focus must be on approaches which in the infant and child tend to build psychic structure, such as education, restriction of destructive impulses, support, affection, and providing effective models for thought, feeling, and action. In different terms, the effort in the treatment of schizophrenia is in developing and deepening a 'working alliance', with working through necessarily playing a secondary role.