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Manic and melancholic reactions stem from the same psychological root. Their differences are due to the fact that the melancholic has not renounced libidinal satisfactions but is expiating his guilt and hopes to enjoy the future. On the other hand, the manic has made a much more definite renunciation of his libidinal objects and he disguises this behind a façade of
apparent libidinal satisfactions which are really only submission to the orders of his superego. It is for this reason that we consider that a manic patient has improved when during treatment he becomes depressed, but not when the opposite occurs.