Hoofdstukken Uit De Hedendaagse Psychoanalyse (Chapters of Present-Day Psychoanalysis): Edited by P. J. van der Leeuw, E. C. M. Frijling-Schreuder, and P. C. Kuiper. Arnhem: van Loghum Slaterus, N. V., 1967. 311 pp.

These essays were written in honor of the seventieth birthday of Dr. Jeanne Lampl-de Groot on October 16, 1965.

Heinz Hartmann: Notes on Psychoanalysis and Science—The Concept of Structure.

In a discussion of Dr. Samuel A. Guttman's paper at the twenty-fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress in Amsterdam

(1965), Heinz Hartmann describes the importance of concept formation. He differentiates historical study in analysis from its use as formulation of laws as in natural science. He gives Freud's speculative idea of the life and death instinct as an example that hypotheses should not be presented as clinical findings. In Guttman's paper Freud's tripartite structure of personality—ego, id, superego—is part of what he considers structure. Hartmann widened the concept by including aspects of ego such as automatisms. The question mentioned by Dr. Guttman as to whether to divide the world into a set of structural systems, 'scientific knowledge and artistic vision', should not, Hartmann felt, be decided on the basis of psychoanalytic thinking. Hartmann concludes by describing the difference between psychoanalysis of total personality and the 'holistic' approach.

Willi Hoffer: Remarks on the Defense System.

Hoffer describes the origin of the concept of defense and its historical development in Freud's paper, starting as a single effort of repression and ending in the whole complex of defense mechanisms. The concept of defense in modern psychoanalysis is often applied as a direct derivation of Freud's observations in 1894. Hoffer describes the defense process serving the safety of the organism, a protective barrier directed inward as our sense organs function outward. The question about the defense mechanism, what is innate, developed, or acquired, is unanswerable. Glover and Hartmann both deny a possible reduction of a 'mechanism' to more simple elements. A premature defense due to a premature superego development can be the precursor of intensive self-criti