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The incentive to take up work on the subject of this paper arose when I was indeed overwhelmed and dumbfounded on opening a book edited by A. A. Roback (36), dedicated 'To the memory of Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O), a noble soul in a beautiful body, who unwittingly provided the occasion for the discovery of a new principle in the mental and social sciences'. Besides the dedication and a few lines about Anna O—differing little from what Ernest Jones says about her (20, p. 245)—I found a picture of a beautful postage stamp commemorating Bertha Pappenheim (36, p. 213). The stamp was issued in 1954 in West Germany in a series entitled 'helpers of humanity', represented by personalities in European and international social life. Other people represented in the series were: Käthe Kollwitz (1867-1945), the humanely compassionate painter of the poor; Lorenz Werthmann (1958-1921), the organizer of the German Caritas Movement; and Johann Friedrich Oberlin (1740-1828), the founder of infant care. In this context it is appropriate to quote from The Holy Land Philatelist, Israel's Stamps (16).
From welfare work for girls and the poor, [Bertha Pappenheim] soon turned to the more extensive field of emerging social work for women, Jewish as well as universal. Her activities