DISCUSSION: Dr. Margaret S. Mahler agreed that psychoanalytic observational research and clinical reconstructive data should complement each other and eventually be integrated. She stated that it is not correct to speak of 'separation' or 'individuation' taking place at any time after the structuralization of the ego and the establishment of boundaries of the self. Dr. Mary O'Neill Hawkins felt that Dr. Geleerd's clinical cases demonstrated the traces of difficulties of the separation-individuation phase. Dr. Martin S. Willick presented excerpts from the analysis of an adolescent in which transference manifestations of a need for closeness were revivals of the patient's early difficult relationship to his mother. Dr. Robert Bak noted that in the Schreber case Freud had utilized the reconstructive process to gain insight into the early stages of object relations. Dr. Sylvia Brody felt that the anal phase could not be equated with the descriptive phase of rapprochement.