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I am grateful to the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute for the honor accorded me of holding the Second Fenichel-Simmel Memorial Lectures. My relationship with these two men goes back very far, in fact forty-four years, when I was a candidate in training at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. My very first lecture before a psychoanalytic body was in Berlin on January 4, 1927 and Ernst Simmel presided (27). I sat at his left at a long table in a not very large room and to my left sat Otto Fenichel. My admiration for the profundity of these two men was already established. With affection I recall them tonight.
The paper I read in Berlin treated of the history of the concept of consciousness, its separation from the concept of conscience, and its place in faculty psychology. I am not too sure that I am not still considering an aspect of the same subject now. I came to the present topic, some of Freud's pictures of the mind, because of studies I made and published not long ago about Freud's famous metaphor of the railway journey, where he compares the analytic situation to a train ride and the free associations to remarks about the passing scenery (28).
In some doubt about the use of such words as figure of speech, metaphor, etc., when I consulted authorities, I found that the definition was self-evident. A figure of speech was the use of one word or set of words for an object other than the one for which they were intended. ('He married a lemon'—Hockett.) The